The Coast Guard Act, 1978 was enacted to establish and regulate an armed force of the Union of India dedicated to safeguarding the nation's maritime interests. The need for a dedicated maritime security force arose due to increasing threats such as smuggling, illegal fishing, and maritime pollution, particularly after the 1971 Indo-Pak War, which highlighted vulnerabilities in India's coastal security. Prior to this, the Indian Navy handled coastal defense, but the growing complexity of maritime threats necessitated a specialized force. The Act came into force on August 19, 1978, formalizing the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) as the fourth armed force of India, alongside the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
Enhanced Maritime Security: The ICG has played a crucial role in preventing terrorist infiltration (e.g., post-26/11 reforms) and piracy.
Environmental Protection: Enforces anti-pollution laws, responding to oil spills and illegal dumping.
Inter-Agency Coordination: Works with the Navy, Customs, and state police for integrated coastal security.
Legal Framework for Discipline: Establishes a military-style justice system for enforcing discipline within the force.
The Coast Guard (Amendment) Act, 2002 introduced:
Section 57A: Allowing minor punishments for officers below Commandant rank.
Extended limitation periods for trials (from 6 months to 3 years).
The Coast Guard Act, 1978, provided the legal backbone for India’s maritime security apparatus, ensuring sovereignty, safety, and environmental protection in its waters. Over the years, the ICG has evolved into a multifaceted force, addressing modern challenges like terrorism, smuggling, and disaster response. The Act’s disciplinary and judicial provisions ensure operational efficiency, while amendments have kept it relevant to contemporary security needs. Today, the ICG remains a vital pillar of India’s coastal defense strategy.