The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) is the principal legislation governing the procedure for adjudicating civil disputes in India. Enacted on March 21, 1908, during British rule, it replaced the earlier Code of 1859 and was designed to standardize civil litigation processes across British India. Post-independence, it continued with amendments to suit modern judicial needs. The CPC provides a structured framework for civil courts, covering jurisdiction, pleadings, trial procedures, appeals, execution of decrees, and alternative dispute resolution. It ensures fairness, efficiency, and uniformity in civil proceedings while balancing the rights of plaintiffs and defendants.
An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the procedure of Civil Courts.
Key Provisions:
Jurisdiction of Courts (Sections 9–21) – Defines territorial and pecuniary jurisdiction.
Institution of Suits (Sections 26–35) – Rules for filing plaints, summons, and appearance.
Pleadings (Order VI) – Governs drafting of plaints and written statements.
Trial & Evidence (Sections 30–32, Order XVIII) – Procedures for examination of witnesses.
Judgments & Decrees (Sections 33–35, Order XX) – Mandates reasoned judgments.
Appeals (Sections 96–112, Order XLI) – Rules for first appeals, second appeals, and revisions.
Execution of Decrees (Sections 36–74, Order XXI) – Enforcement mechanisms for court orders.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (Section 89) – Encourages mediation, arbitration, and conciliation.