The Geneva Conventions Act, 1960, enacted by India on 12th March 1960, was introduced to give effect to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, which India ratified. These Conventions establish international humanitarian law (IHL) standards for the treatment of wounded and sick armed forces, prisoners of war, and civilians during armed conflicts. The Act ensures India’s compliance with these treaties by criminalizing violations, protecting humanitarian emblems like the Red Cross, and outlining legal procedures for prosecuting offenders.

Summary of the Act:
The Act is divided into five chapters:

Preliminary: Defines key terms like "Conventions," "protected persons," and "protecting power."

Punishment of Offenders: Criminalizes "grave breaches" of the Conventions (e.g., wilful killing, torture) with penalties ranging from life imprisonment to 14 years. It asserts extraterritorial jurisdiction, allowing prosecution of offences committed outside India.

Legal Proceedings for Protected Persons: Ensures fair trials for prisoners of war (POWs) and internees, including mandatory legal representation, notice to protecting powers, and appeal rights.

Abuse of Emblems: Prohibits unauthorized use of Red Cross, Red Crescent, and other protected symbols, with penalties including fines and forfeiture of goods.

Miscellaneous: Covers procedural aspects like rule-making powers, cognizance of offences, and repeal of prior laws.

Schedules: The Act annexes the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, detailing protections for the wounded, sick, shipwrecked, POWs, and civilians during war.

Purpose: The Act reinforces India’s commitment to IHL, ensuring accountability for war crimes and safeguarding humanitarian principles during conflicts.

Key Themes:

Criminalization of war crimes.

Protection of POWs and civilians.

Prevention of emblem misuse.

Fair trial guarantees.